The knowledge map as a management tool for the perception of occupational health and safety for construction facul tiles students

Work constitutes a fundamental dimension of human existence on earth. Humans plan, organize, perform work and thus develop through the work of their mind and the physical transformation of the world. Knowledge management has become a widely discussed and increasingly popular concept worldwide. The essence of this concept is the creation and dissemination of knowledge, understood as the entire content existing in the human mind as a result of accumulated learning and experience. The article presents a knowledge map as a management tool for the perception of occupational health and safety and health for construction faculties’ students.


Introduction
Knowledge management has become a widely discussed and increasingly popular concept worldwide. The essence of this concept is the creation and dissemination of knowledge, understood as the entire content existing in the human mind as a result of accumulated learning and experience. This concept can be particularly useful in preparing students for their future career in the construction sector as a specific form of education. The specificity results mainly from the conditions in which the construction process is carried out. The specific features of the construction process include: • individual character of each construction; • significant scattering of the construction works in the field; • real estate of construction products; • dependence on atmospheric influences; • late achievement of the effects of building facilities; • large dimensions and large mass of building structures; • long service life of buildings; • random nature of the execution time of construction processes.
When students finish their studies we can observe a common phenomenon, so-called "Disappearance of knowledge". Students leaving the university are associated with the percentage loss of the knowledge they have been acquiring. Practically, instead of using the information acquired during studies, a university graduate taking up a job begins a new education process rather than completing the already existing knowledge. In the construction sector, the area of knowledge resulting from the specificity of the construction process has become more extensive after Poland's accession to the EU. It covers all stages of the investment process, from preparation of the investment to execution, implementation of the investment (construction process) and ending with usage (operation). Construction companies operating in the EU aim to achieve a specific goal. To list a few -it could be: economic profit, temporary durability Inżynieria Bezpieczeństwa Obiektów Antropogenicznych 1 (2021) [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] or the well-being of its employees. As a rule, entrepreneurs adjust their activities to the environmental conditions by producing and delivering products and services to the market [14,22].
In construction, production can be traditional or design-based [19]. Traditional production is a logical process widely recognized in the EU: design -production -sale of a product. In project-based production, the traditional order is done by: selling the idea to the client (investor) -signing the contract -developing a unique product adjusted to the changing customer requirements. From this perspective, the project is treated as a temporary organization of activities carried out in order to create a unique product or service. Production takes place on the basis of completed products and focuses on temporary teams whose members, functioning in a specific structure, strive to achieve a common goal [7,8].
In the industry of the EU countries, including Poland, projects are implemented mostly sporadically, as enterprises are not prepared to work in accordance with the process approach [15]. This is due to their use of traditional organizational structures. Projects are carried out by permanent teams regardless of the normal production of the enterprise.
Companies using project management can conduct their activities according to two types of processes: business and project. Business processes are continuous and repetitive activities, resulting in routine activities, which affect the achievement of formalization and standardization. However, within design processes, these are activities that are not based on routine activities and are not largely repetitive. There is then no possibility of improvement or standardization [24].
In the European construction market, projects are managed by organizations prepared for both forms of activity [2]. They include the normal (business) activity of the enterprise, which responds to orders placed on the market or signing a contract. Working teams are not permanent. Project management at the production level coexists with management by projects. The construction production process involves many participants appointed by investors, designers, contractors or subcontractors who cooperate with each other in the pursuit of a common goal [21]. This situation results from the dynamics of the construction market, where companies have to constantly adapt their organization to the requirements of the environment resulting from the lack of continuity of production, e.g. by signing new contracts.
Construction companies, by carrying out specific construction works, transform projects into objects -infrastructure elements that begin with receiving an order or signing a contract with a client. Implementation of construction works is based on a design agreed and approved between the parties. The site where the works are carried out is located where the given infrastructure element is being built. Such activities cause that construction companies carry out works on various construction sites where works are planned in the project. When carrying out a given project, the construction company also coordinates the activities of suppliers and subcontractors who provide the necessary resources, such as: labor (own or subcontracted), machinery and equipment (own or subcontracted), materials, vehicles and office space.
Knowledge management aims to protect the organization against negative phenomena that threaten the achievement of a set goal and the effective use of intellectual capital in the company's operations. This is of great importance, particularly in the construction industry. Construction companies operate in a rapidly changing environment, face very high competition and are dependent on their customers' decisions. Such conditions require great flexibility and the ability to adapt to changing circumstances. Therefore, tools supporting decision-making in the field of construction company management are needed. With the development of the concept based on knowledge management, many management tools have been studies and developed. The views of specialists and experts became the starting point for building the concept of a knowledge map, a tool supporting decision-making processes, especially for businesses in the construction industry [5,6,9].
2 The concept of a occupational health and safety knowledge map (ohs knowledge maps) The concept of knowledge is one of the most difficult to define, the interpretation of which very often depends on the way it is being used. Most often, the term "knowledge" is understood as an organized set of information along with the rules for interpreting it [12]. The necessity of the skillful use of knowledge and increasing its resources prompts enterprises to constantly search for new tools related to this field. Collecting data and information alone is not enough. The enterprise must ensure that data and information are turned into knowledge. Properly processed data can become information, and processed and structured information can be transformed into knowledge, which is closely related to the processes specific to a given company. In relation to construction companies, knowledge can be recognized in many aspects, e.g. technological, resource, financial, organizational. The acquired information and its connections enable effective communication and learning about knowledge in various sections and with a varying degree of detail [10]. The knowledge map is a tool whose main task is to facilitate the effective sharing of knowledge between members of a given community, i.e. company employees, and between the community and external organizations. As knowledge is constantly changing, the knowledge map should be a dynamic, interactive and evolving tool [7].
In the literature on the subject, there are various types of knowledge maps. They are used in various fields and in the design of technical devices, and more and more often in education [11,[16][17][18]. The concept of the knowledge map is modeled on cartographic maps in a three-dimensional system (Fig. 1).

Figure 1. Knowledge map in a universal approach
The basis of the knowledge map is marked on the "x" axis of the domain (D) and on the "y" axis, knowledge elements (E), and on the "z" axis, the value of knowledge is given, expressed in points, percentages, decimal numbers or other units (Fig. 1 ).
The presented situation illustrates the state of deficiencies in the required knowledge in specific elements, which means that knowledge should be supplemented within a certain time. Knowledge gaps can be caused by defective education and the aging of knowledge in the long term due to the fact that education does not keep up with the changing legal regulations and technical progress.
The analysis shows that the knowledge map may contain various elements distinctive to a selected industry or a specific company. Based on the literature and practice regarding the observation of solutions used in construction companies, it appears that the map of knowledge should start with the first element: the system and the environment -defining the company's mission and goals. Then there may be threats, resources, legal and technical requirements, market requirements, technical preparation, project processes, logistics, planning, documents, indications, to the last element of the map concerning changes, defining the register of all activities related to the operation of the knowledge map, including reasons and dates of changes in effect [20].
Currently, due to the practiced process approach to enterprise management, it is recommended that knowledge maps emphasize processes specific to a given enterprise. Among the processes, the most popular are the processes related to financial issues, then personnel, logistics, as well as the processes of quality system audit and business plan development [23]. The given sequence of processes determines the direction of interests of the owner of the knowledge map. Particular interest in the financial area results from the complex solutions used in the financial management of construction industry companies, the mode and scope of their analysis, accounting systems, organization and course of processes in the field of financial control and external audit, as well as the financial and management accounting tools used to improve the broadly understood management process. In construction companies, significant in the area of financial issues are, for example, those that relate to the calculation of the cost of manufacturing construction services, settlement of the costs of these services for the purposes of shaping the price generating sales revenues affecting the level of profitability, or the use of appropriate cost accounting that allows optimal cost accounting to achieve a positive financial result. The effectiveness of the decision-making process and the policy in the field of cost level shaping is ensured by the cost accounting properly adjusted to the specifics of the enterprise's activity. Many variations of cost accounting in use predict different dependencies between the factors of production, which have a direct impact on the level of costs. Hence, the knowledge of solutions in this area enables managers to make the right decisions directly related to the achieved results. In the practice of economic life, entrepreneurs may use traditional cost accounting models and other models to achieve various goals [13]. At this point, it is necessary to emphasize the multidimensionality of the protection of economic transactions, which entails the need for consistency of regulations from various areas of the applicable law. The security of economic transactions, expressed, inter alia, in the economic security in terms of macro and micro, can be verified in various ways. One of them is the financial review (financial audit) providing reliable, proven and consistent information on the economic and financial situation of operating organizations in the economy [1,3,4]. As part of the audit, in accordance with the International Standards on Auditing (ISAs), areas of threats to the functioning of the enterprise are identified and assessed. In the construction industry, the issue of hazards, including accidents, is particularly important. The ohs knowledge map may be a tool enabling the identification and diagnosis of threats. The issues of financial aspects can be referred to the knowledge map of ohs in all 20 areas of knowledge, as in each area there is a problem of ensuring the financial back-up guaranteeing the efficient functioning of all elements of the map's structure. Taking into account the fact that in the construction industry, the issues of safety and health protection are associated with almost every activity of creating a building object -an element of infrastructure, the authors decided to develop a questionnaire (table 1) to study the perception of occupational safety and health of students of construction faculties.
Survey questionnaire for the student For research on the perception of occupational health and safety in the building trade Instruction: Please choose one of the following options, marked with an X in the appropriate box. For each issue (question), please give a meaningful meaning (the significance of the given issue for the occupational health and safety of students, giving them weight on the following scale: • high importance -4; • medium importance -3; • low importance -2; • does not matter -1 Preparation and organization of construction A.
Building site and organization of construction Has been / was / is the construction site secured against unauthorized access?
A.2 Are there designated parking spaces for vehicles used by employees?
A. 3 Are there designated (hardened and drained) places for outdoor storage of building materials and products needed for classes?
A.4 Do pedestrianized roads, ramps, walkways, exits and entrances meet the health and safety requirements? B.
Hygienic and sanitary facilities B.5 Are hygienic and sanitary facilities provided?
C. Lighting, power devices C. 6 Are the passages and danger zones illuminated?
Do the electric power distribution and consumption installations not constitute a fire or explosion hazard and sufficiently protect against electric shock?
C.8 Are electrical installations and devices protected against electric shock and against direct and indirect contact?
Has the effectiveness of protection against electric shock been confirmed by measurements?
Are the electrical switchboards properly arranged, set up and secured?
C.11 Are the cables supplying electrical devices protected against mechanical damage?
C. 12 Are the connections of electrical equipment to electrical switchboards made in a manner ensuring safety? C. 13 Are there periodic safety inspections of electrical devices on site? D.
Warehousing and storage of building materials D. 14 Were there designated storage areas for materials? D. 15 Were the required distances from overhead power lines maintained during storage? D. 16 Were the bulk materials properly warehouse and / or stored?
Did the employees comply with the health and safety rules and regulations when making the concrete mix with a concrete mixer? L.
Assembly work with the use of a crane Were the persons performing the finishing works exposed to noise, vibration, electromagnetic radiation, dust and gases with intensities exceeding the limit values?

M.82
Was the person working in confined spaces with insufficient oxygen content or agents with concentrations below the limit values observed and secured to ensure immediate evacuation and effective assistance? Health and safety requirements for employees N.
Employee qualifications Inżynieria Bezpieczeństwa Obiektów Antropogenicznych 1 (2021) 15-28  O.88 Was the employee subject to medical checkups in the event of incapacity for work lasting more than 30 days, e.g. due to illness?
O.89 Were periodic medical examinations carried out in order to determine the ability to perform work in a given position? P.
Occupational health and safety training P.90 Were the workers performing the work subject to general instruction?

P.91
As part of the on-the-job training, have the employees been acquainted with the hazards in their workplaces and the occupational risks associated with the work they perform, methods of protection against threats and methods of safe work performance at a given position?

P.92
Did the employees undergo periodic training in the form of briefing at least once every three years, and once a year when performing particularly dangerous work? R.
Means of personal protection

R.93
Did employers provide employees with personal protective equipment against harmful and dangerous factors in every aspect related to work? Are the work stations located so that they are at least 1.5 m apart?
U.119 Are the workplaces positioned so that staff and students have their backs to each other as much as possible? U.120 Are there any rules for the use of communication routes ensuring that the distance between the people who use them is at least 1.5 m?
U.121 Are there any rules for registering entry / exit to / from work (e.g. signing a list) ensuring a 1.5 m distance between employees?

U.122
Are there any rules for the use of places customarily intended for many employees and students (e.g. dean's office, office, tool dispensing points) ensuring that a distance of 1.5 m between employees staying there is kept?
Have rules for the use of social and hygienic-sanitary rooms been defined, ensuring that a distance of 1.5 m between employees and students staying there is kept? U.124 Are employees allowed to work remotely where possible?
Performing works that require direct contact U.125 Is there a permanent composition of teams carrying out work requiring direct contact between employees and students? U.126 Whether in workplaces that require long, direct contact with people from outside the University (e.g. customers, suppliers) there are partitions (transparent screens, e.g. glass or plastic) to separate workers from these people? U.127 Has there been a requirement to limit the time of direct contact between employees, students and people outside the workplace (e.g. customers, suppliers) to max. 15 min? U.128 Has a requirement been introduced for the use of personal protective equipment (protective masks, helmets, disposable gloves, goggles, as well as gowns and overalls) by employees, students performing work requiring long direct contact with people from outside the university (e.g. customers, suppliers)?
Inżynieria Bezpieczeństwa Obiektów Antropogenicznych 1 (2021) 15-28 Have meetings and conferences requiring the physical presence of employees or students been replaced with tele-or videoconferences?

Part B
Assessment of actions and behavior of direct management, e.g. works manager U. 130 Did the management meet the safety and health requirements?
U.131 Did the management meet the safety and health protection requirements for the workplace? Assessment of the role and significance of factors influencing safety and health protection at construction workplaces W.132 What factors will be decisive when taking up a new/changing job: • safe and healthy working conditions • remuneration • job security • work hours W.133 Do you think that ignorance and non-compliance with health and safety rules and regulations may cause a bad condition or deterioration of health or even death?

W.134
Does informing employees about safety and health protection during work affect the level of health and safety at work?

W.135
Are the health and safety conditions at work being / will / will be improved?
In the future, both the map and the questionnaire can be extended by one more point W -the area of financial security in the field of social sciences in the discipline of economics and finance, whose task will be to analyze the feasibility of each point from the structure of the ohs knowledge map (A -U points), taking into account sources of their financing. This would be another new area to research. Based on the widely available information published on the subject of economic and financial situation of business entities (e.g. published financial statements in the Court and Economic Monitor, or audit documentation of the auditor of selected entities), it would be possible to analyze the financial security of the discussed issues.

Conclusions
To develop the structure of the ohs knowledge map, national legal regulations, European Union directives and guidelines of the International Labor Organization on safety and health protection in construction as well as the practical experience of the authors were used. The universal aspect of knowledge and its components was assumed. This assumption results from the specificity of construction works, the variety of construction objects and the complexity of the investment process in construction and allows for its quick adaptation in all organizations participating in the individual stages of the construction investment process. Questionnaires will be used to assess the level of knowledge and awareness of students about the risks in the area of safety and security in the construction industry using the ohs knowledge map. The results will allow to plan activities increasing the level of students' knowledge in the field of ohs, as well as link this field of knowledge in the future with the basic knowledge outlined by the field of social sciences. The latter is the discipline of economics and finance, and therefore necessary for a comprehensive analysis of the issues specified in the ohs knowledge map subject to analysis in the way specified in the questionnaire, so that after starting work in the construction industry, they will be familiar with the health and safety regulations.